Benzodiazepines

Drug Name: Benzodiazepines

Drug Abbreviation: BZO

Drug Slang Term(s): alprazolam, benzodiazepam, bromazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, quazepam, temazepam, triazolam, Alprazolam Intensol, Ativan, Dalmane, Diastat, Diazepam Intensol, Dizac, Doral, Halcion, Klonopin, Librium, Lorazepam Intensol, Paxipam, ProSom, Restoril, Serax, Tranxene-SD, Tranxene-SD Half Strength, Tranxene T-Tab, Valium, Xanax.


Drug Screening Cut-off in Urine: 300 ng/mL


Drug Information:

Benzodiazepines are medications that are frequently prescribed for the symptomatic treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders. They produce their effects via specific receptors involving a neurochemical called gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). Because they are safer and more effective, Benzodiazepines have replaced barbiturates in the treatment of both anxiety and insomnia. Benzodiazepines are also used as sedatives before some surgical and medical procedures, and for the treatment of seizure disorders and alcohol withdrawal.Risk of physical dependence increases if Benzodiazepines are taken regularly (e.g., daily) for more than a few months, especially at higher than normal doses. Stopping abruptly can bring on such symptoms as trouble sleeping, gastrointestinal upset, feeling unwell, loss of appetite, sweating, trembling, weakness, anxiety and changes in perception. Only trace amounts (less than 1%) of most Benzodiazepines are excreted unaltered in the urine; most of the concentration in urine is conjugated drug. The detection period for the Benzodiazepines in the urine is 3-7 days.

Amphetamine

Drug Name: Amphetamine

Drug Abbreviation: AMP

Drug Slang Term(s): uppers, speed, benny, dexy, louee, goey, whizz, pep pills. sulph, billy, phets.


Drug Screening Cut-off in Urine: 1,000 ng/mL

Drug Information:

Amphetamine is a Schedule II controlled substance available by prescription (Dexedrine�) and is also available on the illicit market. Amphetamines are a class of potent sympathomimetic agents with therapeutic applications. They are chemically related to the human body�s natural catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine. Acute higher doses lead to enhanced stimulation of the central nervous system and induce euphoria, alertness, reduced appetite, and a sense of increased energy and power. Cardiovascular responses to Amphetamines include increased blood pressure and cardiac arrhythmias. More acute responses produce anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, and psychotic behavior. The effects of Amphetamines generally last 2-4 hours following use and the drug has a half-life of 4-24 hours in the body. About 30% of Amphetamines are excreted in the urine in unchanged form, with the remainder as hydroxylated and deaminated


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Long-term effects of methamphetamine

Barbiturates

Drug Name: Barbiturates

Drug Abbreviation: BAR

Drug Slang Term(s): Barbs, barbies, sleepers, blue bullets, blues, pink ladies, pinks, block busters


Drug Screening Cut-off in Urine: 300 ng/mL

Drug Information:

Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants. They are used therapeutically as sedatives, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants. Barbiturates are almost always taken orally as capsules or tablets. The effects resemble those of intoxication with alcohol. Chronic use of barbiturates leads to tolerance and physical dependence. Short acting Barbiturates taken at 400 mg/day for 2-3 months can produce a clinically significant degree of physical dependence. Withdrawal symptoms experienced during periods of drug abstinence can be severe enough to cause death.Only a small amount (less than 5%) of most Barbiturates are excreted unaltered in the urine.

The approximate detection time limits for Barbiturates are:

- Short acting (e.g. Secobarbital) - 100 mg PO (oral) - 4.5 days

- Long acting (e.g. Phenobarbital) - 400 mg PO (oral) - 7 days


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